The Phosphate Kingdom

Phosphate is essential. It is a key ingredient in fertiliser — without it, modern agriculture cannot feed the global population. There is no substitute. Morocco holds approximately 70% of known global reserves, concentrated in the Khouribga, Youssoufia, Benguerir, and Boucraâ basins. The scale of this concentration is geopolitically significant.

OCP Group — Office Chérifien des Phosphates — is the state-owned company that controls Morocco's phosphate industry. Founded in 1920 during the French protectorate, it is now one of the largest companies in Africa. OCP mines the rock, processes it into fertiliser, and exports to over 40 countries. Revenue exceeds $9 billion annually.

Khouribga is the capital of phosphate. The deposits extend across a plateau southeast of Casablanca — open-pit mines that stretch for kilometres. The rock is extracted, washed, dried, and transported by rail to the Jorf Lasfar processing complex on the Atlantic coast, where it is converted into phosphoric acid and fertiliser for export.

The strategic dimension is clear. As global population grows and arable land shrinks, phosphate becomes more valuable. Countries dependent on food imports are dependent on fertiliser. Countries dependent on fertiliser are dependent on Morocco. OCP has leveraged this position by building fertiliser plants in Nigeria, Ethiopia, and other African countries — positioning Morocco as the anchor of African agricultural development.

The environmental and social costs are real. Mining displaces communities. Processing consumes vast quantities of water in a water-scarce country. Phosphogypsum — a radioactive byproduct of phosphoric acid production — accumulates in massive waste piles. OCP has invested in water recycling and renewable energy (a solar-powered desalination plant at Jorf Lasfar), but the environmental footprint remains significant.

The Boucraâ deposits in the Western Sahara add a political dimension. The territory's status is internationally disputed, and the extraction of its resources by Morocco is contested by the Polisario Front and some international bodies. OCP operates in Boucraâ regardless.

Explore the full interactive module — with reserve maps, production data, export flows, and the geopolitical analysis — at Dancing with Lions: https://www.dancingwiththelions.com/data/phosphate-kingdom